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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urethra01:16

Urethra

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Urethral Stricture Induction Followed by Buccal Mucosa Graft Urethroplasty in a Rat Model
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[Urethral stricture after radiation therapy].

C M Rosenbaum1, O Engel2, M Fisch2

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland. c.rosenbaum@uke.de.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|October 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation therapy for prostate cancer can cause urethral strictures, particularly with brachytherapy. Urethroplasty offers higher success rates than endoscopic management for these common side effects.

Keywords:
Buccal mucosa graft urethroplastyProstate cancerUrethra, bulbomembranousUrethroplastyUrinary incontinence, postoperative

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Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Radiation-induced urethral stricture is a frequent complication of prostate cancer treatment.
  • Stricture incidence varies with radiotherapy type: lowest with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), higher with brachytherapy, and highest with combined EBRT and brachytherapy.
  • Strictures predominantly affect the bulbomembranous urethra.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diagnostic work-up for radiation-induced urethral strictures.
  • To compare management options, focusing on endoscopic procedures versus urethroplasty.
  • To evaluate the success rates and complication profiles of different urethroplasty techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic modalities including ultrasound, uroflowmetry, urethroscopy, retrograde urethrogram, and voiding cystourethrography.
  • Comparison of endoscopic management (dilatation, internal urethrotomy) with surgical reconstruction (urethroplasty).
  • Analysis of reported success rates and incontinence rates for primary end-to-end anastomosis (EPA) and buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty (BMGU).

Main Results:

  • Endoscopic management of short strictures has a high recurrence risk.
  • Primary end-to-end anastomosis (EPA) shows 70-95% success rates with 7-40% incontinence.
  • Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty (BMGU) has 71-78% success rates with 10.5-44% postoperative incontinence, often treatable with artificial urinary sphincters.

Conclusions:

  • EPA is preferred for short urethral strictures.
  • BMGU is indicated for longer, more complex strictures.
  • Patient counseling regarding stricture characteristics and potential postoperative incontinence is crucial.