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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction01:23

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

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Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Ocular Drug Delivery.

Burcin Yavuz1,2, Uday B Kompella3

  • 1Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|October 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocular drug delivery faces significant challenges from eye barriers and clearance mechanisms. Novel delivery systems are needed to improve drug access to the anterior and posterior eye segments.

Keywords:
Anterior segmentImplantsMicroparticlesNanomedicinesOcular barriersOcular drug deliveryOcular transportersPosterior segment

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The eye presents unique anatomical and physiological barriers to drug penetration.
  • Both static (cornea, RPE) and dynamic (tear turnover, clearance) barriers limit ocular drug efficacy.
  • Systemic drug administration also faces blood-tissue barriers and rapid clearance, hindering ocular therapeutic levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging strategies for enhancing ocular drug delivery.
  • To address the challenges posed by ocular barriers to drug penetration.
  • To explore novel delivery systems for both anterior and posterior eye segments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ocular drug delivery systems.
  • Analysis of experimental approaches for overcoming ocular barriers.
  • Categorization of delivery methods for anterior and posterior ocular segments.

Main Results:

  • Ocular barriers significantly restrict drug absorption and distribution.
  • Various novel drug delivery systems are being investigated to improve ocular bioavailability.
  • Strategies target both static and dynamic barriers to prolong drug residence time.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming ocular barriers is crucial for effective drug therapy.
  • Development of advanced drug delivery systems is essential for treating eye diseases.
  • Further research into innovative approaches will improve ocular drug delivery outcomes.