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The Endocrine System01:29

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Endocrine manifestations in celiac disease.

Hugh James Freeman1

  • 1Hugh James Freeman, Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|October 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder linked to various endocrine conditions. Early screening for CD is crucial, especially in patients with type 1 diabetes or autoimmune thyroid disease.

Keywords:
Adrenal insufficiencyCeliac diseaseDiabetesEndocrine disordersGluten-sensitive enteropathyHypothyroidismOvarian infertilityPituitary insufficiencyThyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmunology

Background:

  • Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune small intestinal disorder.
  • CD frequently co-exists with endocrine disorders, impacting presentation and management.
  • Associated endocrine conditions can range from type 1 diabetes to autoimmune thyroid disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between celiac disease and endocrine disorders.
  • To highlight the importance of screening for subclinical CD in patients with endocrine diseases.
  • To discuss the potential impact of a gluten-free diet on associated endocrinopathies.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive review of published English-language medical literature.
  • Analysis of prospective studies in children and adolescents.
  • Examination of adult patient data regarding co-existing conditions.

Main Results:

  • Type 1 diabetes is significantly associated with CD in younger populations.
  • Autoimmune thyroid disease, particularly hypothyroidism, is common in adults with CD.
  • Screening for CD is beneficial in individuals with type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, Addison's disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypopituitarism, or ovarian failure.

Conclusions:

  • Celiac disease is strongly linked to a spectrum of endocrine disorders.
  • Subclinical CD should be considered in patients presenting with autoimmune endocrine diseases.
  • A gluten-free diet may improve certain associated endocrine conditions in CD patients.