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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

154
Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
154
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
785
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

1.1K
Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
1.1K
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

2.0K
Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
2.0K
Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:10

Pharmacokinetics: Overview

10.4K
Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The first stage, absorption, involves the drug's transfer into the bloodstream. Several factors dictate the extent and speed of this process. For example, the liver often metabolizes oral drugs before they reach systemic circulation, leading to only partial absorption. In contrast, intravenous (IV)...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
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Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

Published on: July 23, 2016

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Ocular Pharmacokinetics.

Chandrasekar Durairaj1

  • 1Pfizer - Clinical Pharmacology, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. Chandra.Durairaj@Pfizer.com.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|October 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Understanding ocular pharmacokinetics is key for effective drug delivery. This involves considering unique eye barriers and drug properties for better therapeutic outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Ocular pharmacokinetics presents unique challenges due to the complex barrier properties of eye tissues.
  • Different routes of ocular administration add to the complexity of drug absorption and distribution within the eye.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of ocular barrier properties and their influence on drug pharmacokinetics.
  • To discuss physicochemical properties that impact ocular drug delivery.
  • To highlight recent advancements and new perspectives in ocular pharmacokinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ocular barrier properties across various administration routes.
  • Analysis of physicochemical factors influencing ocular drug behavior.
  • Discussion of formulation and molecular design strategies.
Keywords:
Anterior segmentDispositionIntracameralIntravitrealPharmacokineticsPosterior segmentTopical

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  • Exploration of alternative routes for ocular drug administration.

    • Main Results:

    • Physicochemical properties and barrier characteristics significantly dictate ocular drug pharmacokinetics.
    • Tailoring drug properties and formulations can optimize delivery to ocular targets.
    • Recent advances offer new strategies for overcoming ocular drug delivery hurdles.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of ocular barriers and pharmacokinetics is crucial for developing effective ocular therapies.
    • Leveraging molecular design, formulation, and administration route optimization can enhance drug delivery to the eye.
    • New insights are emerging for interpreting and applying ocular pharmacokinetic data.