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Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...

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Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling

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Principles of physiological breech birth practice: A Delphi study.

Shawn Walker¹, Mandie Scamell¹, Pam Parker²

¹Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK.

|November 5, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study established consensus on 37 principles for physiological breech birth, shifting focus from risk management to facilitation. It highlights that upright positions are a tool, not a strict rule, in breech birth practices.

Keywords:

Breech presentation Delphi Midwifery Models of care Obstetrics Physiological birth

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Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Midwifery Science
Perinatal Care

Background:

Physiological breech birth requires clear, consensus-based principles for safe and effective practice.
Existing approaches often focus on risk prediction and control, potentially hindering normal physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a multi-professional consensus on shared principles for the practice of physiological breech birth.
To identify key areas of agreement and divergence among experts in breech birth facilitation.

Main Methods:

A multi-national, three-round Delphi e-survey involving 26 experts (13 obstetricians, 13 midwives) and 2 service user representatives.
Consensus was defined as 70% agreement on 66 statements across categories including first principles, maternal/fetal positioning, birth environment, and safe progress.

Main Results:

Consensus was reached on 37 out of 66 proposed statements regarding 'Principles of Practice' for physiological breech birth.
A significant finding indicates a paradigm shift towards facilitation strategies based on relationship and response, moving away from prediction and control.
Upright maternal positions were identified as a helpful tool, not a mandatory rule, in physiological breech birth.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to define the parameters of 'normal' for breech births within a complex normality framework.
The established principles can inform future research on the impact of physiological breech practices on maternal and neonatal outcomes, as well as women's experiences.