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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
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Nocebo hyperalgesia and the startle response.

Per M Aslaksen1, Ole Åsli1, Morten Øvervoll1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Research Group for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.

Neuroscience
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Verbal suggestions of increased pain (nocebo hyperalgesia) amplified pain perception and startle responses. This heightened startle response was linked to the nocebo effect, suggesting a role for defensive systems in pain experience.

Keywords:
emotionsexperimentalnocebo hyperalgesiapainplacebo analgesiastartle response

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Limited research exists on the nocebo effect's impact on pain.
  • This study explores how nocebo hyperalgesia influences startle responses and pain perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if nocebo hyperalgesia suggestions alter startle responses.
  • To determine if increased startle contributes to the nocebo hyperalgesic effect.

Main Methods:

  • Four groups: placebo, natural history, and two nocebo groups.
  • Participants received suggestions (pain decrease/increase) and topical creams.
  • Heat pain and startle responses (eye blink EMG) were measured before and after treatment.

Main Results:

  • Nocebo suggestions led to increased pain reports and startle responses.
  • A significant association was found between increased startle and the nocebo hyperalgesic response.

Conclusions:

  • Verbally induced expectations of pain increase activate cortical defensive systems.
  • These defensive systems appear to mediate the experience of heightened pain in nocebo hyperalgesia.