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Related Concept Videos

GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Unlike direct titration, back-titration, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration method for quantifying anions. In the indirect titration method, anions are precipitated as their insoluble salts with excess metal ions. The filtrate containing the excess metal ions is directly titrated with standard EDTA until the endpoint is achieved. Another approach involves extracting the metal ion and back-titrating with standard EDTA to obtain the endpoint. In this way, the...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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Macrosteres: The Deltic Guanidinium Ion.

Kenji Mishiro1, Fanghao Hu1, Daniel W Paley1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 USA, , http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/lambert/.

European Journal of Organic Chemistry
|October 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel "deltic guanidinium" compounds, including urea and thiourea derivatives, for the first time. These compounds show potential for applications like cell transport, offering new avenues in chemical synthesis and materials science.

Keywords:
cyclopropeniumguanidiniumisostere

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The guanidinium ion is a fundamental chemical structure with diverse applications.
  • Limited synthetic routes exist for complex guanidinium derivatives.
  • Novel macrocyclic analogues of guanidinium could offer unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the novel "deltic guanidinium" ion and its derivatives.
  • To explore the potential of these new compounds in various chemical applications.
  • To compare the properties of deltic guanidinium with the parent guanidinium ion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl protecting group for controlled synthesis.
  • Synthesized the unsubstituted deltic guanidinium parent compound and derivatives (urea, thiourea, benzamidine).
  • Characterized physical properties and demonstrated application in cell transport using a dendrimer.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized the fully unsubstituted deltic guanidinium ion and its derivatives for the first time.
  • Established a synthetic methodology enabling access to N-H functionalized deltic guanidinium structures.
  • Demonstrated the utility of a deltic guanidinium dendrimer in cell transport applications.

Conclusions:

  • The deltic guanidinium ion represents a novel macrocyclic analogue of guanidinium with unique synthetic accessibility.
  • The developed synthetic approach allows for the creation of diverse, functionalized deltic guanidinium derivatives.
  • Deltic guanidinium-based dendrimers show promise for targeted delivery and cell transport applications.