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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid

Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid

Published on: December 20, 2016

Molecular insight into the nanoconfined calcite-solution interface.

Yijue Diao¹, Rosa M Espinosa-Marzal²

¹Environmental Engineering and Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|October 30, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoconfinement significantly influences calcium carbonate mineralization by altering interfacial forces and surface charge. This study reveals how confined calcite surfaces become more negatively charged, impacting ion hydration states.

Keywords:

DLVO theory atomic force microscopy calcite hydration forces nanoconfinement

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Area of Science:

Surface science
Nanotechnology
Geochemistry

Background:

The role of nanoconfinement in calcium carbonate mineralization remains poorly understood.
Understanding interfacial forces is crucial for various geological and biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of nanoconfinement on calcite-solution interfaces.
To measure Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO forces under confinement.
To resolve subnanometer interfacial structure and ion hydration states.

Main Methods:

Colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) to confine the calcite-solution interface.
Measurement of DLVO and non-DLVO forces as a function of calcium concentration.
Statistical analysis of hydration forces to determine interfacial structure.

Main Results:

Nanoconfinement leads to a more negatively charged calcite surface due to mechanical work.
Hydration states of counterions (inner- and outer-sphere calcium ions) in the Stern layer were distinguished.
The composition of the nanoconfined solution can be tuned by varying calcium concentration.

Conclusions:

This study provides fundamental insights into DLVO and hydration forces at the confined calcite-solution interface.
The findings have implications for nanoconfined biomineralization, CO2 sequestration, and geological processes.
Surface science and confined mineralization are intricately linked, warranting further exploration.