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Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
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Thermodynamic origin of surface melting on ice crystals.

Ken-Ichiro Murata1, Harutoshi Asakawa2, Ken Nagashima3

  • 1Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; murata@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) on ice surfaces exhibit multiple wetting states and transitions, challenging the long-held belief of complete wetting. These QLLs are metastable, forming transiently rather than existing at equilibrium.

Keywords:
advanced optical microscopypseudo-partial wettingquasi-liquid layersurface meltingwetting transition

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • The conventional understanding posits that quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) homogeneously and completely wet ice surfaces, a concept originating from Michael Faraday's work.
  • This widely accepted view has guided research in ice-surface interactions for decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the established paradigm of complete wetting of ice surfaces by QLLs.
  • To investigate the existence of multiple wetting states and thermodynamic behaviors of QLLs.
  • To elucidate the formation conditions and equilibrium status of QLLs.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of interfacial potentials and wetting phenomena.
  • Experimental validation of predicted QLL behaviors.
  • Analysis of QLL formation under varying humidity conditions (supersaturation and undersaturation).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that QLLs exhibit more than two distinct wetting states.
  • Identified a first-order wetting transition between these QLL states.
  • Showed that QLLs form under both supersaturated and undersaturated conditions, but are absent at equilibrium.
  • Established QLLs as metastable transient states, not equilibrium phenomena.

Conclusions:

  • The spontaneous formation of QLLs in ice-vapor equilibrium is questioned.
  • A novel physical model explains the wetting and thermodynamic behaviors of QLLs.
  • A unique interfacial potential is identified as the sole determinant of QLL properties.