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Sound wave reflection from moving surface waves causes waveform variations. Three-dimensional analysis reveals out-of-plane scattering causes focusing, a phenomenon missed in 2-D models.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Wave Propagation

Background:

  • Sound wave reflection from surface waves can cause waveform distortion.
  • Previous studies often simplified this to 2-D propagation, neglecting azimuthal effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the azimuthal dependence of sound propagation in water with surface waves.
  • Analyze sound reflection as a 3-D problem to uncover phenomena missed in 2-D models.

Main Methods:

  • Employed an efficient, time-domain Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral formulation.
  • Examined sound propagation in three dimensions, considering surface wave curvature.

Main Results:

  • Two-dimensional models fail to capture focusing effects when source/receiver are orthogonal to wave direction.
  • Three-dimensional analysis reveals out-of-plane scattering due to surface wave curvature causes signal focusing.

Conclusions:

  • Surface wave curvature is critical for understanding sound reflection focusing.
  • Three-dimensional acoustic propagation analysis is necessary to fully characterize wave-surface interactions.