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Updated: Mar 12, 2026
Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System
Published on: December 29, 2023
Guided Training Relative to Direct Skill Training for Individuals With Cognitive Impairments After Stroke: A Pilot
Elizabeth R Skidmore1, Meryl Butters2, Ellen Whyte2
1Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Objective:
To examine the effects of direct skill training and guided training for promoting independence after stroke.
Design:
Single-blind randomized pilot study.
Setting:
Inpatient rehabilitation facility.
Participants:
Participants in inpatient rehabilitation with acute stroke and cognitive impairments (N=43).
Interventions:
Participants were randomized to receive direct skill training (n=22, 10 sessions as adjunct to usual inpatient rehabilitation) or guided training (n=21, same dose).
Main Outcome Measure:
The FIM assessed independence at baseline, rehabilitation discharge, and months 3, 6, and 12.
Results:
Linear mixed models (random intercept, other effects fixed) revealed a significant intervention by time interaction (F4,150=5.11, P<.001), a significant main effect of time (F4,150=49.25, P<.001), and a significant effect of stroke severity (F1,150=34.46, P<.001). There was no main effect of intervention (F1,150=.07, P=.79). Change in FIM scores was greater for the direct group at rehabilitation discharge (effect size of between-group differences, d=.28) and greater for the guide group at months 3 (d=.16), 6 (d=.39), and 12 (d=.53). The difference between groups in mean 12-month change scores was 10.57 points.
Conclusions:
Guided training, provided in addition to usual care, offered a small advantage in the recovery of independence, relative to direct skill training. Future studies examining guided training in combination with other potentially potent intervention elements may further advise best practices in rehabilitation for individuals with cognitive impairments after acute stroke.
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