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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
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Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

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Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
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Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic01:21

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The correlation between a drug's dosage and its impact on a biological system is a cornerstone of pharmacology and toxicology. Conventional dose–response curves, which include graded and quantal relationships, are key to this understanding. Graded dose–response curves depict the spectrum of a biological reaction to different doses within an individual, indicating that as the drug dosage increases, so does the intensity of the response. On the other hand, quantal dose–response...
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Equivalence: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioequivalence01:17

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Bioequivalence studies are crucial in evaluating whether new drugs can match an approved one regarding pharmacological effects and clinical performance. These studies test if drugs, despite different dosage forms, share identical plasma concentration-time profiles. Three types of equivalence are central to these studies: chemical, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic. Chemical equivalence indicates that two or more drug products contain identical active ingredients in equal amounts. Pharmaceutical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Direct Conversion Through Trans-Differentiation: Efficacy and Safety.

Ankshita Prasad1, Daniel Boon Loong Teh2, Fathima R Shah Jahan3

  • 11 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .

Stem Cells and Development
|November 1, 2016
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Summary

Direct conversion, a cell reprogramming method, faces challenges in efficiency and safety. Overcoming issues like low proliferation and transgene concerns is crucial for clinical applications.

Keywords:
comprehensive reviewdifferentiationinduced pluripotenttransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Direct conversion (transdifferentiation) offers a pathway to reprogram adult cells without pluripotency.
  • Clinical viability necessitates a thorough evaluation of direct conversion's efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the constraints and challenges limiting direct conversion as a cell reprogramming technique.
  • To delineate obstacles in efficiency and safety for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on direct conversion (transdifferentiation).
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms, transcriptional control, and cellular behaviors (proliferation, senescence, apoptosis).
  • Evaluation of safety concerns including transgene load and epigenetic memory.

Main Results:

  • Efficiency is hampered by poor understanding of molecular mechanisms, low cell proliferation, and senescence/apoptosis.
  • Safety concerns include transgene persistence and retention of epigenetic memory.
  • Current validation tools have limitations in characterizing reprogrammed cells.

Conclusions:

  • Direct conversion holds promise but requires addressing significant efficiency and safety hurdles.
  • Further research into molecular underpinnings and improved validation methods is essential for clinical adoption.
  • Developing strategies to mitigate transgene effects and epigenetic memory is key.