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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules
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Study on dealkalization and settling performance of red mud.

Muxi Luo1, Xuejiao Qi1, Yurui Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|November 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Red mud dealkalization and utilization are global challenges. This study reveals that HCl and CaO leaching effectively neutralize red mud alkalinity and reduce soluble aluminum and iron, improving settling performance through phase transformation.

Keywords:
DealkalizationMineralogical phasesPhase transformationRed mudSettling ratioSize distribution

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Red mud, a byproduct of alumina production, presents significant dealkalization and utilization challenges globally.
  • Limited research exists on the settling performance and phase transformation of red mud treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl), calcium oxide (CaO), and water (H2O) leaching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the characteristics of red mud after leaching with HCl, CaO, and H2O.
  • To investigate the effects of these leaching methods on red mud's phase transformation and settling performance.
  • To understand the interaction mechanisms involved in red mud treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of red mud using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectra (XRF), and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC).
  • Analysis of red mud slurry pH, particle size, and settling ratio.
  • Detection of soluble aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) content.

Main Results:

  • HCl neutralized red mud alkalinity, while CaO replaced sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
  • Soluble Al and Fe were undetectable in HCl-red mud and CaO-red mud.
  • Settling performance improved, attributed to phase transformation and changes in particle size and surface area.

Conclusions:

  • HCl and CaO leaching are effective methods for red mud dealkalization and improving its settling characteristics.
  • Phase transformation and physical property changes are key mechanisms in red mud treatment.
  • This research enhances understanding for practical red mud management and utilization.