Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

Hypertension I: Introduction

1.1K
Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
1.1K
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

1.3K
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
1.3K
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

1.3K
Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
1.3K
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

2.9K
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
2.9K
Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications01:28

Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications

800
Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications are employed in treating hypertension. The most commonly recommended first-line treatments include:Thiazide Diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increase sodium and water excretion from the body, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, like lisinopril, block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, a potent vasoconstrictor lowering blood pressure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) prevent angiotensin II...
800
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

4.7K
Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Miliary Tuberculosis With Gastrointestinal Involvement in a Young Undocumented Immigrant: A Case Report.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Complete renal duplication with lower pole obstructive ectopic ureter - An exception of the Weigert-Meyer rule.

Urology case reports·2025
Same author

Impaired mitochondrial metabolism is a critical cancer vulnerability for MYC inhibitors.

Science advances·2025
Same author

The Lethal Combination of Pregabalin With Other Recreational Drugs.

Cureus·2025
Same author

A Case Report on a Recurring Rash: Mild Chronic Superficial Perivascular Dermatitis With Epidermal Ulcerations.

Cureus·2025
Same author

Home blood pressure and hypertension control.

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension·2024
Same journal

Primary prevention of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
Same journal

Financial and policy challenges of delivering kidney replacement therapies in resource-limited settings.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
Same journal

The role of kir4.1/Kir5.1 in mediating the effect of angiotensin-II on Na-Cl-cotransporter.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
Same journal

Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in regulating calcium transport in the thick ascending limb.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
Same journal

Social determinants of chronic kidney disease: from association to clinical and population action.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
Same journal

Advancing science and care in CKD-MBD: the layered path to legacy.

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

4.3K

Refractory versus resistant hypertension.

Mohammed Siddiqui1, David A Calhoun

  • 1Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|November 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Refractory hypertension, a severe form of resistant hypertension, may stem from heightened sympathetic activity rather than fluid retention. Treatment may require sympathetic inhibition, differing from standard resistant hypertension therapies.

More Related Videos

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
04:37

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension

Published on: June 6, 2025

831
A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure
07:13

A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure

Published on: April 30, 2020

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

4.3K
Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
04:37

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension

Published on: June 6, 2025

831
A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure
07:13

A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure

Published on: April 30, 2020

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Refractory hypertension is an extreme subtype of resistant hypertension, affecting about 5% of patients with uncontrolled resistant hypertension.
  • Resistant hypertension, defined as uncontrolled blood pressure on three or more medications including a diuretic, affects 10-20% of treated hypertensive patients.
  • Refractory hypertension is defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite five or more medications, including a thiazide diuretic and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the underlying mechanisms of refractory hypertension from resistant hypertension.
  • To explore potential novel therapeutic strategies for refractory hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on the pathophysiology of resistant and refractory hypertension.
  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines for resistant hypertension.

Main Results:

  • While fluid retention is linked to resistant hypertension, refractory hypertension may be more associated with heightened sympathetic output.
  • Current treatment recommendations for resistant hypertension, focusing on diuretic intensification, may not be optimal for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

  • Refractory hypertension might necessitate treatments targeting sympathetic nervous system activity, potentially including medications or device-based interventions.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and effectively manage refractory hypertension.