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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Alterations in Blood Pressure01:30

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Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Hypertension-Linked Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut.

Monica M Santisteban1, Yanfei Qi2, Jasenka Zubcevic1

  • 1From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., S.K., C.T.C.-J., G.O.L., M.K.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Y.Q., C.S.S., C.J.P.), Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (J.Z., T.Y., F.G.-P., R.D.J.), Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.S.S.); Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (A.R., C.S.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville.

Circulation Research
|November 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hypertension is linked to gut problems, including increased permeability and microbial imbalance. Targeting the gut microbiota offers a new strategy for treating high blood pressure.

Keywords:
autonomic nervous systemguthypertensioninflammationintestinesmicrobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) influences inflammation and hypertension.
  • The gut's unique microbial and immune environment's role in hypertension is poorly understood.
  • SNS control of inflammation is central to hypertension, with the gut playing a significant role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between increased sympathetic drive to the gut and gut pathology in hypertension.
  • To determine if gut wall permeability, inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis are associated with hypertension.
  • To test the hypothesis that gut pathological changes are linked to hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Examined gut epithelial integrity and pathology in spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-infused rats.
  • Assessed intestinal permeability, tight junction proteins, and microbial communities.
  • Investigated gut-neuronal communication and the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (captopril).

Main Results:

  • Hypertension in rats showed increased intestinal permeability and decreased tight junction proteins.
  • Gut pathology changes correlated with alterations in blood pressure-regulating microbial communities.
  • Enhanced gut-neuronal communication and increased sympathetic drive to the gut were observed in hypertension.
  • Captopril treatment normalized blood pressure and reversed gut pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Dysfunctional sympathetic-gut communication contributes to gut pathology, dysbiosis, and inflammation in hypertension.
  • Targeting the gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics, fecal transplants) alongside pharmacotherapy may offer novel hypertension treatment strategies.
  • The gut microbiome and its interaction with the nervous system are critical factors in hypertension.