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Magnetic Fields01:27

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires01:18

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Measuring 10-20 T magnetic fields in single wire explosions using Zeeman splitting.

J T Banasek1, J T Engelbrecht1, S A Pikuz1

  • 1Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
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Summary

Researchers measured magnetic fields using sodium D-lines Zeeman splitting before wire explosion. This technique determined fields of 10-20 Tesla, estimating emitting vapor location during current flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Spectroscopy
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Exploding wire experiments generate intense magnetic fields.
  • Measuring these fields non-intrusively is crucial for understanding plasma dynamics.
  • Sodium D-lines are sensitive to magnetic fields via the Zeeman effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To utilize Zeeman splitting of sodium D-lines for magnetic field measurement in exploding wires.
  • To determine the magnetic field strength and temporal evolution.
  • To estimate the radial distribution of emitting sodium vapor.

Main Methods:

  • Employing Zeeman splitting of sodium D-lines (5890 Å and 5896 Å) emitted by excited vapor.
  • Using a 10 kA peak current machine and NaCl solution on the wire as the sodium source.
  • Analyzing spectral line broadening and splitting to quantify magnetic field strength.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured magnetic fields in the 10-20 Tesla range.
  • Measurements were performed over approximately 70 ns, prior to significant plasma expansion.
  • The magnetic field regime was identified as between small field and Paschen-Back limits for Na D-lines.

Conclusions:

  • Zeeman splitting of sodium D-lines provides a viable method for measuring strong magnetic fields in exploding wires.
  • The technique allows for estimation of the emitting vapor's radial location over time.
  • This method is effective before the plasma continuum obscures or broadens spectral lines.