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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

1.9K
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

1.4K
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

1.5K
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
1.5K
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III01:25

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III

3.5K
The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
3.5K
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

1.0K
Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
1.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.5K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.5K

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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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An Oil-Bath-Based 293 K to 473 K Blackbody Source.

Joel B Fowler1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

A new high-temperature oil-bath blackbody source was developed for precise radiometric measurements. This advanced blackbody offers high emissivity and excellent stability for accurate temperature calibration.

Keywords:
apertureblackbodycavityconicalemissivityoil bathradiationradiometryreflectancesourcetemperaturethermometer

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Area of Science:

  • Radiometry and Metrology
  • Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Accurate radiometric measurements require stable and uniform radiation sources.
  • Existing blackbody sources may have limitations in aperture size, uniformity, or temperature stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a large-aperture blackbody source with high radiance uniformity.
  • To achieve excellent temporal stability and reproducibility for the blackbody source.
  • To provide a reliable calibration standard for radiometric applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a high-temperature oil-bath system for precise temperature control.
  • Design of a blackbody cavity optimized for uniform radiance.
  • Characterization of the source's temperature stability, reproducibility, and emissivity.

Main Results:

  • The blackbody source operates effectively within the 293 K to 473 K temperature range.
  • Achieved low combined standard uncertainties in blackbody temperature, ranging from 7.2 mK to 30.9 mK.
  • Calculated high emissivity of 0.9997 (± 0.0003), increasing to 0.99996 with a 50 mm aperture.

Conclusions:

  • The developed oil-bath blackbody source meets the design goals for uniformity, stability, and reproducibility.
  • The high emissivity and low temperature uncertainties make it a valuable tool for radiometric calibration.
  • This source advances the capabilities for accurate spectral radiance measurements in metrology.