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Related Concept Videos

Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

2.6K
An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
4.7K
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

936
The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
936

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Generation and Quantitative Analysis of Pulsed Low Frequency Ultrasound to Determine the Sonic Sensitivity of Untreated and Treated Neoplastic Cells
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Ultrasonic Power Output Measurement by Pulsed Radiation Pressure.

Steven E Fick1, Franklin R Breckenridge1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|January 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Accurate ultrasound power measurements are achieved using radiation force. This method isolates ultrasound beams, improving precision and enabling measurements of complex ultrasonic systems.

Keywords:
medical ultrasonicsultrasonic radiation pressureultrasonic transducer calibrationultrasound power measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Metrology
  • Ultrasound Technology

Background:

  • Measuring ultrasound output power is crucial for applications in medical imaging and therapy.
  • Traditional methods can be affected by confounding factors like buoyancy and vibration.
  • Accurate power measurement requires isolating the radiation force exerted by the ultrasound beam.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a highly accurate method for measuring time-averaged, spatially integrated ultrasound power.
  • To detail the principles and improvements of a radiation force balance (RFB) system.
  • To demonstrate the RFB's capability in measuring ultrasonic systems with arbitrary pulse waveforms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the radiation pressure exerted by sound on an absorptive target to measure total beam power.
  • Employing pulse modulation of incident ultrasound at high frequencies to isolate radiation force from confounding factors.
  • Calibrating the radiation force balance (RFB) using reference masses and direct current as the transfer variable.

Main Results:

  • The radiation force balance (RFB) achieves high accuracy in direct measurements of ultrasound output power.
  • Improvements in the RFB design and calibration have nearly halved measurement uncertainty.
  • The enhanced RFB can measure the output of ultrasonic systems with arbitrary pulse waveforms.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation force measurement offers a precise method for determining ultrasound beam power.
  • Optimized RFB design and operation significantly reduce measurement uncertainty.
  • The system is versatile and capable of measuring diverse ultrasonic outputs.