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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
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Improving immunization approaches to cholera.

Amit Saha1,2, Alexander Rosewell1, Andrew Hayen1,3

  • 1a School of public Health and Community medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.

Expert Review of Vaccines
|November 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are effective for prevention and control, especially in resource-limited areas. Advances like single-dose regimens and reduced cold chain needs are improving cholera immunization strategies globally.

Keywords:
CholeraOCV stockpileherd protectionoral cholera vaccinepre-emptive vaccinationreactive vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology and Public Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Disease Control

Background:

  • Cholera disproportionately affects resource-limited countries, with recent epidemics driving global efforts in prevention and control.
  • Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have proven effective in various settings, including endemic areas, outbreak responses, and emergencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of cholera vaccines.
  • To summarize literature on cholera vaccination approaches.
  • To provide recommendations for improving immunization strategies against cholera.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar, and WHO website.
  • Synthesis of current data on oral cholera vaccine effectiveness and implementation.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in vaccine development and logistics.

Main Results:

  • OCVs demonstrate significant effectiveness and potential for wider adoption.
  • Single-dose OCV administration is being explored for easier implementation.
  • Recent studies suggest OCVs may no longer require strict cold chain management.
  • The global OCV stockpile established in 2013 is a key advancement.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in cholera vaccination, including OCVs, are crucial for global cholera control strategies.
  • Development of affordable cholera vaccines represents a major success in disease control.
  • New vaccines and tailored interventions are expected to further reduce the global burden of cholera.