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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut
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Snake bite mortality in children: beyond bite to needle time.

M P Jayakrishnan1, M G Geeta1, P Krishnakumar1

  • 1Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|November 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Severe leucocytosis and acute kidney injury are key predictors of mortality in children with snake bite envenomation. Early identification of these factors can improve management strategies for pediatric snake bites.

Keywords:
Intensive CareMortalityTropical Paediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care medicine
  • Toxicology
  • Epidemiology of envenomation

Background:

  • Snake bite envenomation is a significant health concern in children, particularly in South Asia.
  • Understanding the clinical profile and mortality predictors is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical characteristics of snake bite envenomation in children.
  • To identify independent predictors of mortality in pediatric snake bite cases.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational cohort study involving 145 children (<12 years) with snake bite envenomation.
  • Data collected on demographics, clinical features, treatment with polyvalent antisnake venom (ASV), complications, and outcomes.
  • Statistical analysis included univariate and binary logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Russell's viper and hump-nosed pit viper were common culprits. Hemotoxicity and neurotoxicity were frequent manifestations.
  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 25% of children; mortality rate was 10.3%.
  • Severe leucocytosis on day 1 and AKI were identified as independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Severe leucocytosis on day 1 and AKI are significant, previously unrecognized risk factors for mortality in pediatric snake bites.
  • These findings highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and prompt intervention for these specific indicators.
  • Informing management strategies for childhood snake bite envenomation is essential.