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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of...
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Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

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Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
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Osmotic Pressure01:26

Osmotic Pressure

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Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move toward a solution through a semipermeable membrane. As the solution dilutes due to the entry of solvent, it expands. This expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the solution. When the hydrostatic pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis stops.Osmotic pressure, denoted by Π, is the minimum pressure needed to prevent the solvent from passing into the solution by osmosis. The van 't Hoff equation calculates the osmotic pressure...
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Dialysis01:15

Dialysis

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Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Probing the Depth-Resolved Structure of Adsorbed Azobenzene Surfactant Films by QCM-D.

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Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles
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Manipulation of small particles at solid liquid interface: light driven diffusioosmosis.

David Feldmann1, Salim R Maduar2,3, Mark Santer4

  • 1Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.

Scientific Reports
|November 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed light-controlled photo-soaps to precisely manipulate micro/nano-scale particles. This innovation enables controlled removal, gathering, and patterning of particles on surfaces using light-induced hydrodynamic flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Colloid science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Strong adhesion of sub-micron particles poses challenges in surface cleaning and micro/nano-assembly.
  • Conventional detergents offer immediate, global surface modification, lacking precise control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome limitations of conventional surface modifiers using photosensitive surfactants.
  • To demonstrate controlled manipulation of micro/nano-particles via light-induced hydrodynamic flow.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized photosensitive azobenzene-containing surfactants (photo-soaps) with reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization.
  • Created spatial gradients in isomer composition near a solid-liquid interface using light.
  • Initiated and controlled hydrodynamic flow via light-induced diffusioosmosis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that a spatial gradient in azobenzene isomers induces substantial hydrodynamic flow.
  • Showcased that the flow's spatial extent can be controlled by light spot shape (e.g., laser spot).
  • Successfully removed, gathered, and patterned particle assemblies at the solid-liquid interface selectively within illuminated areas.

Conclusions:

  • Photo-soaps offer a controllable method for manipulating particle assemblies at interfaces.
  • Light-induced diffusioosmosis provides a selective and spatially defined mechanism for particle mobilization.
  • This approach enables precise control over micro/nano-particle behavior for advanced applications.