Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

1.1K
Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
1.1K
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

73
Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
73
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

66
Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
66
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

5.4K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
5.4K
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

70
Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
70
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

111
Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
111

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis of Hierarchical ZSM-5 Zeolite Mesocrystals with Controllable Macropores toward Enhanced Catalytic Performance.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Enhanced Energy Transfer from a Metal-Organic Framework to a Highly Confined Organic Phosphorescent Dye.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of <i>N</i>-alkyl-4-piperidones.

Beilstein journal of nanotechnology·2026
Same author

Impact of Gel-Derived Morphology-Controlled UiO-66/Cellulose Nanofiber Composite Separators on the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Correction: Othman et al. Synthesis of a Luminescent Aluminum-Based MOF for Selective Iron(III) Ion Sensing. <i>Molecules</i> 2025, <i>30</i>, 4146.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Encapsulation of a Highly Acid-Stable Dicyano-Bodipy in Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Increased Fluorescence Lifetime and Quantum Yield Within the Solid Solution Concept.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
08:47

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Published on: March 6, 2019

10.2K

CO-releasing molecule (CORM) conjugate systems.

Anna Christin Kautz1, Peter C Kunz1, Christoph Janiak1

  • 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. janiak@uni-duesseldorf.de.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|November 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are developed as prodrugs for controlled CO delivery. CORM conjugates show promise for therapeutic applications, but challenges remain in controlling CO release.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
09:14

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Published on: July 20, 2016

41.0K
Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry
10:18

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Published on: May 27, 2018

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
08:47

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Published on: March 6, 2019

10.2K
Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
09:14

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Published on: July 20, 2016

41.0K
Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry
10:18

Making Conjugation-induced Fluorescent PEGylated Virus-like Particles by Dibromomaleimide-disulfide Chemistry

Published on: May 27, 2018

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) has therapeutic potential but requires controlled administration.
  • Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) enable prodrug strategies for CO delivery.
  • Biocompatible carriers are essential for targeted delivery and reduced side effects of CORMs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review CORM carrier conjugates for medicinal and therapeutic applications.
  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of current CORM conjugate designs.
  • To highlight future directions in developing controllable CO-releasing systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CORM carrier conjugates.
  • Analysis of covalent and incorporated CORM conjugation strategies.
  • Evaluation of biocompatibility, CO release kinetics, and therapeutic efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Most CORM conjugates are nontoxic and exhibit prolonged CO release.
  • The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is utilized for targeting.
  • Challenges include continuous background CO release and lack of an on/off switch.

Conclusions:

  • CORM conjugates offer a viable approach for CO-based therapeutics.
  • Further research is needed to develop precise control over CO release.
  • On/off switchable CORM systems are crucial for enhanced safety and efficacy.