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Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

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Published on: May 5, 2022

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders.

Md Torequl Islam^1,2

¹a Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology , Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) , Teresina , Brazil.

Neurological Research

|November 5, 2016

Summary

Oxidative stress from overproduced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species damages cells and mitochondria. This imbalance is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Keywords:

AD: Alzheimer’s disease ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AP-1: activator protein 1 APP: Aβ precursor protein Aβ: amyloid-β BBB: blood–brain barrier BER: base excision repair BSE: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy CAA: cerebral amyloid angiopathy CAT: catalase CBF: cerebral blood flow CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CNS: central nervous system COX: cyclooxygenase CRP: C-reactive protein Cyt-c: cytochrome c DA: dopamine DAG: diacylglycerol DJ-1: protein deglycase 1 DNMT: DNA methyltransferase DOPAC: 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid DRG: dorsal root ganglia DSBs: double strand breaks EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells FFI: Fatal Familial Insomnia FRDA: Friedreich’s ataxia GPx: glutathione peroxidase GSH: glutathione GSS: Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome HD: Huntington’s disease HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha HNE: 4- hydroxynonenal HVA: homovanillic acid IL: interleukin IR: ionizing radiation JAK: Janus kinase MAO-B: monoamine oxidase B MDA: malondialdehyde MMPs: matrix metalloproteins NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NDDs: neurodegenerative diseases NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B NFTs: neurofibrillary tangles NHEJ: non-homologous end joining NHR: nucleotide excision repair Neurodegenerative diseases PD: Parkinson’s disease PG: prostaglandin PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α PPL: phospholipase PrP: prion protein RNS: reactive nitrogen species ROS: reactive oxygen species SC: spinal cord SMCs: smooth muscle cells SOD: superoxide dismutase SSBs: single strand breaks TGF-β: tumor growth factor-beta TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha TOMM40: a gene associated with AD TSEs: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase mitochondrial dysfunction mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA mtMP: mitochondrial membrane permeability/potential oxidative stress

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Published on: July 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Neuroscience

Background:

Reactive species (ROS/RNS) are crucial in physiology but their overproduction disrupts cellular balance.
Antioxidant enzyme systems can fail, leading to oxidative damage to cellular components and DNA.
Mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates ROS/RNS levels, causing further oxidative damage.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs).
To summarize the role of oxidative stress in the etiology of various NDDs.
To provide an overview of NDDs associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on oxidative stress and NDDs.
Analysis of the mechanisms linking reactive species to cellular damage.
Synthesis of information on mitochondrial roles in oxidative stress and disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

Overproduction of ROS/RNS leads to oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Mitochondrial dysfunction significantly contributes to increased ROS/RNS levels.
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous NDDs, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases.

Conclusions:

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key factors in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for NDDs.
This review highlights the broad impact of oxidative stress on neurological health.