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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry01:19

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

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Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization technique that can identify and separate a wide variety of compounds ranging from chemical to biological entities, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The instruments that allow this detection, known as mass spectrometers, have three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. These spectrometers differ based on the nature of their ion source and analyzers.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a commonly...
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In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
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Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
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Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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MALDI imaging mass spectrometry - From bench to bedside.

Kristina Schwamborn1, Mark Kriegsmann2, Wilko Weichert1

  • 1Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Proteins and Proteomics
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) offers advanced molecular insights for pathology. This technique aids in precise diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response, enhancing patient care beyond traditional methods.

Keywords:
Imaging mass spectrometryMALDI imagingPathologyPeptidesProteins

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Pathologists require advanced diagnostic tools for precise morphomolecular diagnosis and treatment guidance.
  • Classical histomorphology is increasingly supplemented by high-throughput molecular assays.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) provides spatial molecular information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility, benefits, and applications of MALDI IMS in pathology.
  • To highlight studies demonstrating MALDI IMS in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response.
  • To explore the potential of MALDI IMS for routine diagnostic settings.

Main Methods:

  • MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) for spatial molecular assessment.
  • Analysis of hundreds of molecular images from a single tissue section scan.
  • Review of recently published studies on MALDI IMS in pathology.

Main Results:

  • MALDI IMS surpasses microscopy by providing molecular images without target-specific reagents.
  • The technology can identify novel diagnostic markers and markers for disease severity, prognosis, and therapeutic response.
  • MALDI IMS classifiers show potential for real-time application in routine diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • MALDI IMS is a powerful tool for enhancing pathological diagnosis and patient treatment strategies.
  • Its ability to map molecular distributions spatially offers significant advantages over conventional methods.
  • Future applications of MALDI IMS in routine pathology diagnostics are promising.