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Ribosomes01:27

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit
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The Modular Adaptive Ribosome.

Anupama Yadav1, Aparna Radhakrishnan1, Anshuman Panda2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India.

Plos One
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomal proteins, essential for translation, can act in environment-specific modules. These modules facilitate adaptation to diverse conditions and specialized tissue functions in organisms like yeast, mice, and humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The ribosome is a conserved molecular machine responsible for protein synthesis across all life forms.
  • While the ribosome's core function is uniform, emerging evidence suggests specialized roles for certain ribosomal proteins.
  • Understanding the functional diversity of ribosomal proteins is key to comprehending cellular adaptation and specialization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that ribosomal proteins function modularly in a context-dependent manner for genetic information decoding.
  • To identify and characterize environment-specific ribosomal protein modules and their adaptive significance.
  • To explore the differential expression and genetic interactions of these modules in various organisms and tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale data analysis of ribosomal protein essentiality and expression patterns in yeast, mice, and humans.
  • Comparative genomics and analysis of genetic interactions.
  • Examination of 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) for signatures of selection.
  • Analysis of cell-type and tissue-specific ribosomal protein expression.

Main Results:

  • Many ribosomal proteins are essential and consistently affect growth across conditions, while others show environment-specific usage.
  • Variable ribosomal proteins form coordinated modules adapted to different environmental cues in yeast.
  • These yeast modules exhibit differential genetic interactions and 5'UTR selection signatures, indicating adaptation.
  • In mice and humans, distinct ribosomal protein modules are expressed in different cell types and tissues, notably in nervous tissue.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosomal proteins exhibit a novel stratification, functioning both universally and in specialized, environment-dependent modules.
  • These modules likely play a crucial role in organismal adaptation to diverse ecological niches and tissue microenvironments.
  • The modular organization of ribosomes offers a mechanism for optimizing translation in response to specific environmental or developmental contexts.