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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

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Published on: April 16, 2014

Just methods in revolting times.

Michelle Fine¹

¹The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , USA.

Qualitative Research in Psychology

|November 5, 2016

Summary

This study introduces critical bifocality, a research approach for examining injustice and inequality amid social movements. It emphasizes historical context and structural influences in qualitative research during contentious times.

Area of Science:

Critical psychology
Qualitative research methods
Social justice studies

Background:

Addressing systemic injustice and inequality requires innovative research methodologies.
Radical social movements globally highlight persistent societal inequities.
Existing research often overlooks historical and structural determinants of current social issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose "critical bifocality" as a novel research design.
To interrogate the interplay of history, structures, and individual lives in shaping social conditions.
To encourage critical psychologists to engage with complex societal challenges.

Main Methods:

Qualitative research design.
Drawing on historical case studies (e.g., W. E. B. Du Bois, Marie Jahoda).

Keywords:

Critical epistemology participatory action research

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Focus on epistemological and methodological experimentation.

Main Results:

Critical bifocality offers a framework to analyze deep-seated injustice.
The approach reveals how historical and structural factors perpetuate inequality.
It encourages a move beyond superficial analyses to address root causes.

Conclusions:

Critical bifocality is essential for understanding and challenging injustice in "revolting times."
Researchers have a responsibility to conduct "lost cause" research, as termed by Edward Said.
This framework advocates for a more historically informed and structurally aware critical psychology.