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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Mitochondria01:37

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
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Plant mitochondrial DNA.

Stewart A Morley1, Brent L Nielsen2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant mitochondrial genomes are exceptionally large and fragmented, unlike animal counterparts. Recombination appears to be the primary driver of plant mitochondrial DNA replication and complexity.

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial genomics
  • Plant biology
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Animal mitochondrial genomes are typically small (~16.5 kbp) and largely conserved.
  • Plant mitochondrial genomes are significantly larger (200-2,000 kbp) and more complex.
  • This size disparity is intriguing given the shared alpha-proteobacterial ancestor of modern mitochondria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural characteristics of plant mitochondrial genomes.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying plant mitochondrial DNA replication and maintenance.
  • To compare the genetic content and organization of plant and animal mitochondrial genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis
  • Bioinformatic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences
  • Recombination assays (implied)

Main Results:

  • Plant mitochondrial genomes contain a high proportion of non-coding DNA, including large introns and repeats.
  • Plant mitochondrial DNA exists predominantly as a collection of fragmented linear molecules, with some circular and branched forms.
  • Despite their large size, plant mitochondrial genomes do not encode substantially more genes than animal mitochondrial genomes.
  • Recombination is strongly implicated as the principal mechanism for plant mitochondrial DNA replication.

Conclusions:

  • The large size and fragmentation of plant mitochondrial genomes are primarily due to non-coding elements and structural complexity.
  • Recombination plays a crucial role in the replication and maintenance of these fragmented plant mitochondrial genomes.
  • Plant mitochondrial genome evolution has diverged significantly from that of animals, despite a common ancestral origin.