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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

How to Quantify the Fraction of Photoactivated Fluorescent Proteins in Bulk and in Live Cells
Published on: January 7, 2019
The Growing and Glowing Toolbox of Fluorescent and Photoactive Proteins
Erik A Rodriguez1, Robert E Campbell2, John Y Lin3
1Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Abstract:
Over the past 20 years, protein engineering has been extensively used to improve and modify the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins (FPs) with the goal of adapting them for a fantastic range of applications. FPs have been modified by a combination of rational design, structure-based mutagenesis, and countless cycles of directed evolution (gene diversification followed by selection of clones with desired properties) that have collectively pushed the properties to photophysical and biochemical extremes. In this review, we provide both a summary of the progress that has been made during the past two decades, and a broad overview of the current state of FP development and applications in mammalian systems.
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