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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

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Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
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Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

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Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated....
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External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

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External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...
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Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

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Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
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Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
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The coupling between peripheral microcirculation and slow breathing.

Zehava Ovadia-Blechman1, Benjamin Gavish2, Danit Levy-Aharoni1

  • 1Medical Engineering Department, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 38 Mivtza Kadesh St., Tel Aviv 6910717, Israel.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|November 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Slow breathing enhances the coupling between respiration and vasomotion, particularly at low tissue oxygen levels. This coupling improves microcirculation and may be linked to health conditions.

Keywords:
Capillary blood flowDevice-guided breathingPeripheral microcirculationTissue oxygenationVasomotion

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Vasomotion, or rhythmic arteriolar diameter changes, is thought to improve tissue perfusion under low oxygen conditions.
  • The temporal correlation between slow breathing and vasomotion, termed coupling, is not well understood, especially at reduced oxygen levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that slow breathing and vasomotion temporally correlate, particularly at low oxygenation levels.
  • To explore the relationship between respiration, vasomotion, and microcirculation using device-guided breathing (DGB).

Main Methods:

  • 14 healthy subjects underwent device-guided breathing (DGB) to pace respiration at 5-6 breaths/min.
  • Continuous monitoring of respiration, transcutaneous oxygen pressure (oxygenation), and skin capillary blood flow (microflow) using laser Doppler flowmetry.
  • Cross-correlation analysis in 1-min windows quantified the coupling between breathing and vasomotion.

Main Results:

  • Breathing-vasomotion coupling increased significantly in subjects with initial oxygenation below 30mmHg.
  • Changes in oxygenation during DGB induced opposite changes in microflow, with greater sensitivity at lower oxygen levels.
  • Younger subjects and females exhibited enhanced coupling and microflow/oxygenation changes at low initial oxygenation.

Conclusions:

  • The DGB methodology effectively characterizes respiration-vasomotion coupling, offering insights into microcirculation behavior at critically low tissue oxygen levels.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the association of these coupling trends with pathologies and the role of neural sympathetic activity.