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Biological features of placental programming.

Kent L Thornburg1, Kevin Kolahi2, Melinda Pierce3

  • 1Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.

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The placenta

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Chronic Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • The placenta is crucial for fetal development and influences long-term health.
  • Its structural and physiological characteristics are linked to adult chronic diseases.
  • Understanding placental function is vital for preventing costly and deadly diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key placental features associated with adult-onset chronic diseases.
  • To highlight the current gaps in knowledge regarding placental growth and function.
  • To emphasize the importance of placental research for public health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on placental structure and physiology.
  • Analysis of studies linking placental features to adult disease risks.
  • Synthesis of findings from human and non-human primate research.

Main Results:

  • Placental efficiency, shape, and size are associated with cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Placental plasticity decreases mid-gestation, impacting stress response.
  • Lipids, inflammation, and insufficiency affect fetal growth and disease programming.
  • Maternal factors and placental hormones influence offspring health outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Placental development and function are critical determinants of adult chronic disease risk.
  • Further research into placental biology is essential for improving human health.
  • Investing in placental research offers significant benefits for preventing major diseases.