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Encoding

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

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Published on: July 5, 2015

How Attention Modulates Encoding of Dynamic Stimuli.

Noga Oren¹, Irit Shapira-Lichter², Yulia Lerner³

¹Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel; Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

|November 8, 2016

Summary

High attentional load during movie encoding increased neural synchrony in attention networks but decreased it in memory networks. This neural shift, particularly in the posterior cingulate cortex, predicted weaker memory recall.

Keywords:

divided attention dual task episodic memory fMRI intersubject correlation movie posterior cingulate cortex ventro lateral prefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Neural circuits process continuous information, integrating new and prior data.
Attention modulates this interplay, involving the prefrontal cortex (task-positive network, TPN) and posterior cingulate cortex (default mode network, DMN).
The precise mechanisms of attentional modulation remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how attentional load affects neural processing and memory encoding.
To examine the interplay between attention, neural synchrony, and memory recall.

Main Methods:

fMRI task using movies as stimuli.
Manipulation of attentional load via easy or hard secondary tasks during encoding.
Analysis of intersubject correlation (inter-SC) and network activation/connectivity.

Main Results:

Increased inter-SC in prefrontal cortex (TPN) and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC) under high attentional load.
Higher activation in prefrontal TPN regions and deactivation in dPCC at high load.
dPCC anti-correlated with prefrontal regions at high load; dPCC inter-SC predicted lower memory strength.

Conclusions:

Attentional load modulates neural function in core TPN and DMN regions.
Increased attentional demand shifts neural resources, potentially impairing memory encoding.
The dPCC plays a key role in mediating attentional load's impact on memory function.