Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Zn⁺-containing Heterogeneous Catalysts

Monovalent Zn⁺ (3d¹⁰4s¹) systems possess a special electronic structure that can be exploited in heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis, though it remains challenge to synthesize Zn⁺-containing materials. By careful design, Zn⁺-related species can be synthesized in zeolite and layered double hydroxide systems, which in turn exhibit excellent catalytic potential in methane, CO and CO₂ activation. Furthermore, by utilizing advanced characterization tools, including electron spin resonance, X-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory calculations, the formation mechanism of the Zn⁺ species and their structure-performance relationships can be understood. Such advanced characterization tools guide the rational design of high-performance Zn⁺-containing catalysts for efficient energy conversion.