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Related Concept Videos

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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The Central Dogma01:20

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Nutrigenomics in the modern era.

John C Mathers1

  • 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Institute of Cellular Medicine,Newcastle University,Campus for Ageing & Vitality,Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL,UK.

The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
|November 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Nutritional genomics (nutrigenomics) explores how diet and genes interact to influence health. While early expectations were high, advances show modest genetic impact from SNPs alone, highlighting the need for further research into genomic variations and personalized nutrition for public health.

Keywords:
CNV copy number variationCRISPR clusteredPN personalised nutritionSe seleniumregularly interspacedshort palindromic repeatsGenome editingMetabolomicsMicrobiomeNutrigeneticsNutrigenomicsOrganoidsPersonalised nutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional genomics
  • Genetics
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • The concept of gene-environment interaction in determining phenotype dates back to Garrod's work on inborn errors of metabolism.
  • Human genome sequencing advancements spurred the development of nutritional genomics (nutrigenomics).
  • Early hype surrounding nutrigenomics raised unfulfilled expectations regarding rapid applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in nutritional genomics and its potential applications.
  • To highlight the need for further research into genomic variations and genotype-diet interactions.
  • To explore the potential of nutrigenomics in improving public health and personalized nutrition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on nutritional genomics.
  • Analysis of genetic variation's contribution to phenotypes.
  • Discussion of new tools like stem cell-based approaches and genome editing.
  • Exploration of metabolomics for dietary exposure biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in quantifying genetic contributions to phenotypes.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) alone often have a modest effect on nutrition-related phenotypes like obesity and complex diseases.
  • There is considerable scope for research into genomic structural variations (e.g., copy number variants) and genotype-diet interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Nutrigenomics research has advanced, though not as rapidly as initially anticipated.
  • Innovative research is needed to understand complex genetic and dietary interactions.
  • Nutrigenomics holds substantial potential for public health improvements, including personalized nutrition interventions and reduced health inequalities.