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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
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Cell-Phone Addiction: A Review.

José De-Sola Gutiérrez1, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca2, Gabriel Rubio3

  • 1Department of Psychobiology, Psychology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) , Madrid , Spain.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|November 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cell phone addiction is a recognized issue, particularly among young females, differing from internet addiction. Problematic use is linked to psychological traits and substance use, warranting further research into cultural impacts.

Keywords:
addictionbehavioral addictioncell-phone addictiondependenceinternet addiction

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cell phone addiction is a growing concern, with research evolving from device-level analysis to application-specific impacts.
  • Existing studies show a lack of conceptual delimitation and diverse methodologies, leading to varied prevalence data.
  • Despite varied criteria, a consensus exists on the reality of cell phone addiction.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on cell phone addiction.
  • It analyzes prevalence, methodologies, psychological correlates, and psychiatric comorbidities.
  • The review differentiates cell phone addiction from internet addiction based on user profiles.

Key Points:

  • Cell phone addiction exhibits a distinct user profile, primarily affecting young females, independent of cultural or socioeconomic factors.
  • Problematic cell phone use is associated with personality traits like neuroticism and impulsivity, and mental health issues such as anxiety and sleep disturbances.
  • A significant comorbidity exists between problematic cell phone use and substance use, including tobacco and alcohol.

Conclusions:

  • Cell phone addiction is a distinct phenomenon with specific psychological and psychiatric associations.
  • Further research is needed to explore intercultural and geographical variations in cell phone addiction.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies.