Neuroglobin: From structure to function in health and disease

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Neuroscience
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Neuroglobin (Ngb), discovered in 2000, is the third member of the human globin family found in the brain.
• Structurally similar to myoglobin, Ngb exhibits unique bis-histidyl six-coordinate heme-Fe, limiting distal ligand access.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically examine the structural and functional aspects of human neuroglobin (Ngb).
• To highlight Ngb's roles in both physiological conditions and various diseases.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of over 500 published papers on Ngb.
• Analysis of in vivo experimental data regarding Ngb levels and cellular protection.
• Examination of structural and biochemical properties of Ngb.

Main Results:

• Increased Ngb levels protect heart and brain from hypoxic/ischemic and oxidative stress.
• Ngb overexpression is hypothesized to protect neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.
• Ngb may play a protective role in cancer cells, with identified interactors and inducers expanding its known functions.

Conclusions:

• Neuroglobin (Ngb) demonstrates significant protective roles against cellular stress, particularly in neurological contexts.
• Ngb's functions in health and disease suggest potential as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection and cancer therapy.
• Further research into Ngb interactors and inducers could unveil novel therapeutic strategies for preventing neuronal cell death.