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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neurons: The Axon01:21

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Assessment of Ultrastructural Neuroplasticity Parameters After In Utero Transduction of the Developing Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord
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Structural and Functional Plasticity at the Axon Initial Segment.

Rei Yamada1, Hiroshi Kuba1

  • 1Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|November 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The axon initial segment

Keywords:
action potentialaxon initial segmentexcitabilityion channelplasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The axon initial segment (AIS) is critical for action potential generation and neuronal output.
  • AIS structural properties, like length and location, exhibit activity-dependent plasticity, essential for regulating neuronal excitability.
  • The biophysical properties of the AIS, determined by ion channel composition, significantly influence neuronal excitability.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current research on structural and functional alterations of the AIS.
  • It examines how changes in ion channel composition and distribution impact AIS function.
  • The review discusses the interplay between structural plasticity and ion channel dynamics in controlling neuronal output.

Key Points:

  • Activity-dependent structural changes in the AIS are crucial for maintaining neuronal excitability homeostasis.
  • Alterations in voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel composition at the AIS can lead to AIS elongation.
  • This AIS elongation, as observed in auditory neurons, enhances neuronal excitability.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between structural and functional plasticity of the AIS is vital for precise control of neuronal excitability.
  • Understanding these dynamic changes in the AIS provides insights into neuronal function and potential therapeutic targets.