Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 12, 2026
03:14
Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy
Published on: January 31, 2025
1.8K
A never before reported variant of the sacrum
Erfanul Saker1, Rod J Oskouian2, Marios Loukas3
1Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, WI, USA. saker2487@gmail.com.
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|November 10, 2016
Summary
This report details the first known case of a duplicated sacrum, a rare anatomical variant. Awareness of this developmental anomaly is crucial for clinicians and radiologists during imaging interpretation.
Area of Science:
- Embryology
- Anatomy
- Genetics
Background:
- Proper sacrum development involves critical embryological stages.
- Deviations during embryogenesis can lead to diverse anatomical variants.
Observation:
- This case report presents the first documented instance of a sacrum duplicated in the sagittal plane.
- This rare anatomical variant was identified during diagnostic imaging.
Findings:
- The duplicated sacrum is a unique finding in human anatomy.
- The hypothesized developmental error occurred around the 29th day of gestation, potentially linked to HOX gene malfunction.
Implications:
- Clinicians and radiologists must be aware of this rare sacral anomaly.
- Recognition of this variant aids in accurate diagnosis and understanding of developmental processes.
Related Concept Videos
01:22Sutures of the Skull
13.9K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
13.9K
01:16Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature
11.4K
The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
11.4K
01:14Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
8.4K
The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
8.4K
01:30General Structure of a Vertebra
7.8K
A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
7.8K
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
7.7K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
7.7K
01:25Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles
4.3K
Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
4.3K