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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR
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Circulating MicroRNAs in Cancer.

Killian P O'Brien1, Eimear Ramphul1, Linda Howard2

  • 1Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing microRNA analysis from blood, serum, and plasma is crucial for clinical use. Variations in sample handling and methods create contradictory results, hindering biomarker development.

Keywords:
Breast CancerCirculating microRNAsPlasmaSerumWhole blood

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular analysis
  • Molecular diagnostics
  • Translational medicine

Background:

  • MicroRNAs show promise as circulating disease biomarkers.
  • Clinical application of microRNA biomarkers is hindered by inconsistent research approaches.
  • Variations exist in sample sources (whole blood, serum, plasma), endogenous controls, and extraction methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight variations in microRNA analysis methods.
  • To emphasize the impact of sample collection, storage, and starting material on microRNA profiles.
  • To underscore the need for standardization in microRNA biomarker research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of different approaches to microRNA analysis in blood, serum, and plasma.
  • Analysis of microRNA profiles across various sample types from the same individual.
  • Examination of the influence of sample collection and storage on microRNA detection.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in microRNA analysis protocols are prevalent.
  • Contradictory publications arise due to methodological discrepancies.
  • Starting material (whole blood, serum, plasma) and processing significantly alter microRNA profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Standardization of sample harvesting, processing, and analysis is essential for clinical translation of microRNA biomarkers.
  • Addressing methodological variations is key to resolving contradictory findings in the field.
  • Consistent approaches will enable reliable microRNA biomarker development and clinical implementation.