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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The Vestibular System01:29

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
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The new classification system for inner ear malformations: the INCAV system.

Zehra Hilal Adibelli1, Leyla Isayeva1, Ali Murat Koc1

  • 1a Department of Radiology , Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.

Acta Oto-Laryngologica
|November 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The new INCAV system offers a standardized radiological classification for inner ear malformations, aiding in diagnosis and cochlear implant candidacy. This system effectively categorizes malformations based on severity, improving reporting for radiologists and otolaryngologists.

Keywords:
Classification of inner ear malformationscomputed tomographycongenital sensorineural hearing lossmagnetic resonance imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Inner ear malformations present diagnostic challenges.
  • Existing classification systems lack specificity based on radiological criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a specific radiological classification system for inner ear malformations.
  • To standardize the reporting of inner ear anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 43 patients with inner ear malformations using MR and CT imaging (August 2010 - February 2015).
  • Development of the INCAV system, classifying five key inner ear structures (Internal acoustic canal, Cochlear nerve, Cochlea, Vestibular aqueduct, Vestibule) by severity grades.
  • Assigning numerical grades based on increasing malformation severity.

Main Results:

  • The study analyzed 43 patients, identifying 80 inner ear malformations across six normal and various abnormal classifications.
  • The INCAV system successfully defined all evaluated ears, including those previously unclassifiable.
  • The system demonstrated high utility in categorizing malformations by severity.

Conclusions:

  • The INCAV system provides a standardized and informative method for reporting inner ear malformations.
  • It aids in classifying previously unclassified ears and assists in selecting cochlear implant candidates.
  • The system is user-friendly for radiologists and valuable for otolaryngologists.