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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

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Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
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Velocity Potential01:20

Velocity Potential

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In steady, incompressible flow through a long, straight pipe with a uniform cross-section, the flow in the central region (far from the pipe walls) is irrotational. This irrotational nature means that fluid particles do not rotate around their axes, and a scalar function called the velocity potential, represented by ϕ, can be used to describe their movement. In irrotational flows, the velocity field V is defined as the gradient of the velocity potential:
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Irrotational Flow01:28

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Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
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Revealing the radial modes in vortex beams.

Bereneice Sephton, Angela Dudley, Andrew Forbes

    Applied Optics
    |November 10, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Vortex beams, used in optics, often lack desired energy distribution due to simplified generation. This study demonstrates a method using complex amplitude modulation to improve energy efficiency in orbital angular momentum beams.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Quantum Information Science

    Background:

    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) light beams are crucial for applications like optical tweezers and quantum information.
    • Conventional methods generate OAM vortex beams by modulating Gaussian beams with azimuthal phase, often neglecting radial characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the energy distribution in conventionally generated vortex beams.
    • To demonstrate a novel method for efficient generation of vortex beams with improved energy in the desired radial order.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental generation and characterization of vortex beams using standard azimuthal phase modulation.
    • Theoretical analysis of energy distribution in OAM beams.
    • Development and experimental validation of complex amplitude modulation for vortex beam generation.

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    Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

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    Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
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    Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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    Main Results:

    • Conventionally generated vortex beams carry minimal energy (a few percent) in the zeroth radial order.
    • Complex amplitude modulation significantly enhances the energy content in the desired radial order.
    • Experimental verification confirms the improved efficiency of the proposed method.

    Conclusions:

    • Standard vortex beam generation techniques are inefficient in concentrating energy in the fundamental radial mode.
    • Complex amplitude modulation offers a viable and effective solution for efficient OAM beam generation.
    • This advancement has implications for improving the performance of OAM-based optical systems.