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Absorption correction and phase function shape effects on the closure of apparent optical properties.

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    This study assessed the accuracy of ocean optical property models using seawater data. Inherent optical property (IOP) and apparent optical property (AOP) data revealed discrepancies, particularly in reflectance and the anisotropic factor, highlighting needs for improved data processing and modeling.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ocean optics
    • Radiative transfer theory
    • Inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs/AOPs)

    Background:

    • Accurate characterization of seawater optical properties is crucial for remote sensing and understanding marine ecosystems.
    • Previous studies have explored the relationship between inherent optical properties (IOPs) and apparent optical properties (AOPs), but closure remains a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform a closure experiment between in situ IOPs (absorption, scattering, backscattering) and AOPs (remote-sensing reflectance, irradiance reflectance, anisotropic factor) in Ionian and Adriatic seawaters.
    • To investigate the internal consistency of IOP-AOP matchups using radiative transfer closure.
    • To identify and address limitations in data processing and radiative transfer modeling affecting closure accuracy.

    Main Methods:

    • Collected in situ IOP and AOP data across a range of seawater clarity.
    • Utilized the Hydrolight radiative transfer model to predict AOPs from measured IOPs.
    • Evaluated closure by comparing simulated and measured AOPs, analyzing discrepancies related to absorption data processing and phase function selection.

    Main Results:

    • Variations in absorption data processing methods led to significant differences (up to 40%) in simulated reflectances.
    • The choice of analytical phase functions (Fournier-Forand, Kopelevich) introduced minor variations (<11%) in simulated AOPs.
    • Closure of the anisotropic factor (Qn) was generally unsuccessful, with Hydrolight overestimating low and underestimating high Qn values, especially at 665 nm.

    Conclusions:

    • Closure experiments highlight the sensitivity of simulated AOPs to in situ IOP data processing, particularly absorption measurements.
    • The anisotropic factor (Qn) closure failure suggests inaccuracies in phase function representation and potentially incoming radiance modeling.
    • Future research requires precise absorption and phase function measurements, especially at red wavelengths, to improve radiative transfer model accuracy.