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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma

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Clonal selection versus clonal cooperation: the integrated perception of immune objects.

Serge Nataf1

  • 1Bank of Tissues and Cells, Lyon University Hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon), CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France.

F1000Research
|November 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The immune system processes information like the nervous system, integrating signals for perception. This immune perception relies on clonal cooperation, not just clonal selection, for effective responses.

Keywords:
T-cellsbrainimmunityneuroimmunologysensory perceptiontheoretical immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cognitive Immunology

Background:

  • Niels Jerne first proposed analogies between immune and nervous systems with "recognition" and "memory".
  • Irun Cohen's cognitive immunology paradigm further explored immune functions through neuroscience.
  • This paper revisits the immune-nervous system analogy, focusing on perception processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To draw parallels between brain visual perception pathways and immune object perception.
  • To propose a new framework for understanding integrated immune perception in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs).
  • To suggest that immune responses rely on clonal cooperation over clonal selection.

Main Methods:

  • Re-interpreting existing experimental data on immune cell interactions.
  • Comparing visual perception mechanisms (separate feature processing, integrated perception) with immune signal processing.
  • Analyzing signal integration by T helper (TH) cells in SLO niches.

Main Results:

  • Immune objects are perceived through distinct signal categories (antigenic, contextual, temporal, localization) processed by separate cell networks.
  • TH-cells integrate these signals at a single-cell level within SLO niches.
  • This integration generates diverse T-cell and B-cell clones for a global immune object perception.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated immune perception mirrors higher-order visual perception, involving cooperative tasks.
  • Immune responses are proposed to be driven by clonal cooperation, enhancing integrated perception.
  • This framework shifts the understanding of immune function from selection to cooperation.