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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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Adhesion GPCRs as Modulators of Immune Cell Function.

Jörg Hamann1, Cheng-Chih Hsiao2, Chang Sup Lee3

  • 1Department of Experimental Immunology, K0-144, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands. j.hamann@amc.uva.nl.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|November 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are expressed on immune cells and serve as key markers for leukocyte subsets. These receptors have diverse roles in immune cell function, including tolerance, development, and cytotoxicity.

Keywords:
Adhesion GPCRsGranulocytesImmunityMacrophagesPhagocytosisT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune cells express various adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) from subfamilies like ADGRE, ADGRB, and ADGRG.
  • Expression patterns of these aGPCRs on hematopoietic stem cells and differentiated leukocytes vary with lineage and maturation.
  • Specific aGPCRs, such as EMR1 (F4/80), CD97, BAI1, and GPR56, are recognized markers for distinct immune cell populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression of aGPCRs on immune cells.
  • To highlight the emerging roles of aGPCRs in immune cell functions.
  • To discuss the biological and translational significance of these findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on aGPCRs in immune cells.
  • Analysis of aGPCR expression patterns during leukocyte differentiation.
  • Compilation of functional data on aGPCRs in immune processes.

Main Results:

  • aGPCRs including EMR1, EMR2, EMR3, EMR4, CD97, BAI1, GPR56, GPR97, and GPR114 are expressed on various immune cell types.
  • Expression levels correlate with cell lineage diversification and maturation, enabling their use as leukocyte subset markers.
  • Emerging evidence demonstrates aGPCR involvement in immune tolerance (EMR1), granulopoiesis (CD97), phagocytosis (BAI1), stem cell formation (GPR56), and cytotoxicity control (GPR56).

Conclusions:

  • aGPCRs represent a functionally diverse group of receptors on immune cells.
  • Their specific expression patterns make them valuable markers for identifying and studying leukocyte subsets.
  • Further research into aGPCR functions holds significant potential for understanding and manipulating immune responses.