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Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

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After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Lipid vesicular nanocarrier: Quick encapsulation efficiency determination and transcutaneous application.

Yibang Zhang1, Weibeng Ng2, Xue Feng1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|November 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cationic nano-ethosomes show promise for transdermal vaccines, enhancing skin penetration and antibody response. This study also developed a high-throughput method for evaluating vesicular formulation encapsulation efficiency.

Keywords:
Encapsulation efficiencyEthosomeLiposomeTransdermal immunizationTransfersome

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Nanotechnology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Stratum corneum penetration is a major barrier for transcutaneous drug delivery.
  • Nanoscale delivery systems are crucial for enhancing transdermal applications.
  • Ovalbumin and saponin are investigated for their potential in transdermal vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop effective vesicular formulations (liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes) for ovalbumin and saponin delivery.
  • To enhance skin penetration and immune response via transcutaneous immunization.
  • To evaluate the impact of membrane composition on protein entrapment and vesicle stability.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of liposomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes incorporating cholesterol and/or stearylamine.
  • Characterization of vesicle formulations for particle size, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency.
  • In vivo transdermal immunization studies in mice to assess antibody titers.

Main Results:

  • Ethosomal nano-carriers demonstrated superior stability over two months compared to liposomes and transfersomes.
  • Cationic nano-ethosomes achieved the highest increase in serum antibody titers in vivo.
  • A simple, high-throughput method for determining encapsulation efficiency of vesicular systems was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Cationic nano-ethosomes are a promising carrier system for developing effective transdermal vaccines.
  • The developed method for encapsulation efficiency determination can be utilized for high-throughput screening of vesicular formulations.
  • Optimized vesicular formulations can overcome skin penetration barriers for enhanced transdermal delivery.