Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

13.5K
In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
13.5K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

777.2K
DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
777.2K
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

12.4K
RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while...
12.4K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

23.9K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
23.9K
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

100.4K
The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....
100.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evolution of a core ribosomal innovation in octopus.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Selective Elimination of Mast Cells via Siglec-6-Targeted Nanodelivery of Drug Payload.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026
Same author

Identification of a novel class of early exon ALK rearrangements across two pan-tumor sequencing databases.

Cancer genetics·2026
Same author

A digital archive reveals how a funding agency cooperated with academics to support the nascent field of genomics.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Impact of Process Interruptions in the Production of Lysates for Cell-Free Expression Systems.

Biotechnology and bioengineering·2026
Same author

Concurrent tissue and circulating tumor DNA analysis in renal cell carcinoma: insights from a multimodal database.

The oncologist·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers
10:41

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers

Published on: June 24, 2019

8.8K

NullSeq: A Tool for Generating Random Coding Sequences with Desired Amino Acid and GC Contents.

Sophia S Liu1, Adam J Hockenberry1,2, Andrea Lancichinetti1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America.

Plos Computational Biology
|November 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers can now generate unbiased random protein-coding sequences with specific amino acid and GC content. This tool aids in creating accurate null models for identifying genomic sequence motifs and understanding evolutionary pressures.

More Related Videos

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
05:41

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

Published on: July 10, 2020

2.4K
Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA
12:36

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

Published on: May 9, 2011

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers
10:41

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers

Published on: June 24, 2019

8.8K
2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
05:41

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

Published on: July 10, 2020

2.4K
Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA
12:36

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

Published on: May 9, 2011

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Genomes contain sequence motifs indicating evolutionary selection on biological processes.
  • Accurate null models are crucial for identifying these motifs and genome-scale patterns.
  • Existing tools for random sequences do not adequately address the constraints of protein-coding sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for generating unbiased random protein-coding sequences with specified amino acid composition and GC content.
  • To provide a tool for hypothesis testing in genomic sequence analysis.
  • To enable the creation of more accurate null models for motif discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a method based on the principle of maximum entropy.
  • Implemented the method into a Python package for user accessibility.
  • Ensured the generated sequences maintain pre-specified amino acid and GC content.

Main Results:

  • Created a novel method for generating maximally unbiased random coding sequences.
  • The method accounts for GC usage and primary amino acid sequence constraints.
  • The approach is extensible to incorporate additional constraints like nucleotide or di-nucleotide frequencies.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers the simplest way to obtain unbiased random sequences with specified constraints.
  • Accurate null models are essential for precise motif identification, advancing biological understanding.
  • This tool facilitates more effective engineering of biological systems through better sequence analysis.