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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
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Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Flow Cytometry to Estimate Leukemia Stem Cells in Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia and in Patient-derived-xenografts, at Diagnosis and Follow Up
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[Acute myeloid Leukemia].

Jan Braess

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |November 12, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Advances in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment include genetic subtype classification and targeted therapies. New standards of care, like hypomethylating agents and chemotherapy-free options for APL, improve outcomes for specific patient groups.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Oncology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with 9-11 distinct subtypes based on driver mutations.
    • Current clinical practice requires karyotyping and molecular analysis (NPM1, cEBPa, FLT3-ITD) for treatment stratification.
    • NPM1 mutations serve as prognostic markers and indicators of minimal residual disease, potentially guiding future therapy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current understanding and treatment strategies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    • To highlight the impact of genetic characterization on AML classification and treatment.
    • To discuss advancements in AML therapy, including targeted agents and novel treatment protocols for specific subtypes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on AML genetics, treatment protocols, and clinical outcomes.

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  • Analysis of standard chemotherapy regimens (e.g., "7 + 3", "S-HAM") and their modifications.
  • Evaluation of targeted therapies (e.g., midostaurin for FLT3 mutated AML) and novel agents (e.g., hypomethylating agents, ATRA, Arsenic Trioxide).

    • Main Results:

    • Genetic profiling enables AML subdivision into distinct subtypes, guiding personalized treatment.
    • Standard intensive chemotherapy (e.g., "7 + 3") is the basis for curative treatment, with accelerated regimens reducing aplasia.
    • Targeted therapy with midostaurin shows OS benefit in FLT3 mutated AML; hypomethylating agents improve outcomes in elderly/unfit patients.
    • Chemotherapy-free treatment (ATRA + Arsenic Trioxide) achieves >90% cure rates in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic stratification is crucial for optimizing AML treatment and improving patient outcomes.
    • Novel therapeutic strategies, including targeted agents and chemotherapy-free regimens for APL, are transforming AML care.
    • Continued research into AML subtypes and molecular markers will further refine treatment protocols and enhance survival rates.