[Anaphylaxis in children: What pediatricians should know]

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Allergy and Immunology
• Emergency Medicine

Background:

• Anaphylaxis incidence has increased over the past 20 years, particularly in young children.
• Food allergies, especially to cow's milk, peanuts, and tree nuts, are the leading triggers in pediatric anaphylaxis.
• Recognizing anaphylaxis in infants can be challenging, with distinct symptoms like vomiting and urticaria.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of pediatric anaphylaxis, including triggers, risk factors, and management.
• To highlight recent updates in guidelines for adrenaline auto-injector prescription and school-based care projects.
• To emphasize the need for improved recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis in children.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent studies and epidemiological data on pediatric anaphylaxis.
• Analysis of clinical presentations and risk factors associated with severe reactions.
• Examination of current treatment protocols and updated clinical guidelines.

Main Results:

• Anaphylaxis deaths are infrequent in children and have remained stable.
• Risk factors for severe anaphylaxis include asthma, atopy, specific food allergies (peanuts, tree nuts), and adolescence.
• Intramuscular adrenaline is the recommended first-line treatment with no absolute contraindications.

Conclusions:

• Despite rare fatalities, anaphylaxis requires vigilant management due to increasing prevalence.
• Updated guidelines support improved access to adrenaline auto-injectors and school management plans.
• Enhanced training for healthcare providers and caregivers is essential for better anaphylaxis recognition and timely treatment.