Optimising ballistic facial coverage from military fragmenting munitions: a consensus statement

Area of Science:

• Military Personal Armour Systems
• Ballistic Protection
• Facial Injury Prevention

Background:

• The VIRTUS system is the UK's first military personal armour offering full facial protection against low-velocity projectiles.
• Protection is modular, comprising a helmet, ballistic eyewear, visor, and mandibular guard, though full coverage may impact combat effectiveness due to heat, discomfort, and weight.
• Facial injuries are a significant concern in military operations, necessitating effective protective strategies.

Framework:

• A Delphi consensus group analysis involving 29 military consultant surgeons from five nations was conducted.
• The study aimed to establish a hierarchy of facial units based on reconstructive difficulty and protection priority.
• Consensus was sought on the most effective combinations of facial protection components.

Implementation:

• The analysis identified eyes and eyelids as the highest priority for protection, followed by the nose, lips, and ears.
• Protection against both penetrating projectiles and burns was deemed essential.
• Blunt force trauma to the facial skeleton was not identified as a current military priority.

Implications:

• Respondents indicated a preference for the visor over the mandibular guard when only one component could be used.
• The combination of helmet and visor provides essential protection for the brain and eyes.
• Modifications to the visor to include nasal coverage are proposed, requiring further ergonomic and integration assessments for user acceptance.