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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The transcription factor network in Th9 cells.

Mark H Kaplan1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St #202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mkaplan2@iu.edu.

Seminars in Immunopathology
|November 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review details the signaling pathways and transcription factors crucial for T helper 9 (Th9) cell development. Understanding these mechanisms, including cytokines like IL-4 and IL-2, is key to Th9 cell differentiation and function.

Keywords:
DifferentiationSignalingT cellTranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T helper cell differentiation into subsets is orchestrated by specific cytokine environments.
  • Subset-specific transcription factors drive the production of effector cytokines.
  • Th9 cells are characterized by IL-9 production and require TGFβ, IL-4, and IL-2 for development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on signaling pathways and transcription factors regulating Th9 cell differentiation.
  • To explore the integration of signals in controlling IL-9 gene expression.
  • To highlight the conserved transcriptional network between mouse and human Th9 cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of signaling pathways and transcription factors in Th9 cell development.
  • Analysis of cytokine-induced signaling cascades.
  • Examination of transcriptional networks governing Th9 cell fate.

Main Results:

  • Specific cytokines like TGFβ, IL-4, and IL-2 activate distinct signaling pathways essential for Th9 differentiation.
  • A conserved transcriptional network regulates Th9 cell development in both mouse and human T cells.
  • Key transcription factors integrate signals to promote IL-9 gene expression and Th9-associated gene programs.

Conclusions:

  • The Th9 genetic program is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and transcription factors.
  • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is vital for advancing knowledge of Th9 cell development and function.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the intricacies of Th9 cell biology and its implications.