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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscular system is essential to the body's overall structure and function, playing a crucial role in movement, stability, and internal processes. It consists of three distinct types of muscle tissue: the skeletal, the smooth, and the cardiac muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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A two-muscle, continuum-mechanical forward simulation of the upper limb.

O Röhrle1,2, M Sprenger3,4, S Schmitt5,4

  • 1Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. roehrle@simtech.uni-stuttgart.de.

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
|November 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel 3D continuum-mechanical framework for musculoskeletal forward-dynamics simulations. The model accurately predicts upper limb movement and muscle forces, revealing insights into contact forces and muscle fiber stretch.

Keywords:
BiomechanicsFinite elasticity theoryFinite element methodForward dynamicsMusculoskeletal systemSkeletal muscle modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Computational modeling
  • Musculoskeletal system analysis

Background:

  • Existing musculoskeletal simulations often lack detailed 3D continuum representations.
  • Forward-dynamics simulations predict movement from muscle activity, but comprehensive continuum models are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a novel 3D continuum-mechanical forward-dynamics simulation framework for musculoskeletal systems.
  • To model the upper limb, including bones, muscles, and joint interactions, using continuous volumetric objects.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D continuum-mechanical model representing bones and muscles as volumetric objects.
  • Modeled muscle-tendon complex behavior as nonlinear hyperelastic material undergoing finite deformations.
  • Implemented iterative solutions for position-driven and force-driven scenarios based on minimizing moment equilibrium equations.

Main Results:

  • The framework successfully simulated a 3D upper limb model (humerus, ulna, radius, elbow joint, biceps, triceps).
  • Predicted realistic moment arms and muscle forces across various activations and motions.
  • Quantified contact forces between muscles and bone, showing they can reach 71% of muscle force with minimal impact (<3%) on muscle fiber stretch.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework enables realistic forward-dynamics simulations of musculoskeletal systems using 3D continuum mechanics.
  • Provides novel insights into the influence of contact forces on muscle mechanics.
  • Demonstrates the potential for integrating this framework with advanced control algorithms for predicting time-dependent muscle activation.